




Facts
Studies have shown that the drinking patterns of employed women are different from those of women not employed outside the home, with less abstinence, increased consumption and greater frequency of drinking occasions observed among employed women. Adolescents tend to drink differently than adults. They are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as heavy episodic (or “binge”) drinking. Researchers believe these risky behaviors are the result of certain social factors, such as a greater independence and pressure from peers, as well as biological factors. Adolescents tend to be less sensitive to negative effects of alcohol, such as increased sleepiness and lack of coordination. This may explain why they are able to drink so much alcohol at one time. On the other hand, adolescents are more likely to have trouble with complex tasks, such as driving a motor vehicle, making adolescent alcohol use especially dangerous. Ecstasy is most often taken in combination with other drugs, intentionally or unintentionally. A person taking ecstasy might also drink alcohol; smoke marijuana; or take cocaine, methamphetamine, PCP, ketamine or additional "club drugs," among others. In different regions of the country, users have nicknames for particular drug combinations with ecstasy. For example, "candy-flipping" is a name for mixing LSD with ecstasy. The ways in which these drugs react with ecstasy is still unclear, partly due to a phenomenon called synergy. Synergy refers to a reaction that magnifies the effects of drugs when they are combined. The effect of one dose of drug plus another dose of drug might add up to two, or because of synergy this combination of one plus one might add up to three or four or ten. Although alcohol is a depressant and ecstasy has stimulant properties, they both dehydrate the user, possibly in a synergistic fashion. Many of the other drugs taken at the same time as ecstasy produce similar physical reactions, such as modifications in heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Therefore the health effects described in the previous section could be magnified many times over, explaining why most emergency room visits involve multiple drugs. It is difficult to identify specific reactions ecstasy has with other drugs because most of the time it is unknown what drugs are being combined with each other. Some harmful effects might be due to synergy; others could be related to metabolism. Metabolism is the process that breaks down substances that are taken into the body and eliminates them. Some drugs, both legal and illegal, modify how the body would normally metabolize ecstasy, which could lead to a toxic buildup of very high concentrations of the drug in the system. However, because of the uncertainty of drug combinations and reactions with ecstasy, it is difficult to predict when a harmful reaction could occur. The mode of action of LSD is not well understood. It is thought to interact with the serotonin system by binding to and activating 5–hydroxytryptamine subtype 2 receptor (5-HT2), which interferes with inhibitory systems resulting in perceptual disturbances. It is amongst the most potent drugs known, being active at doses from about 20 micrograms. Typical doses are now about 20 to 80 micrograms although in the past, doses as high as 300 micrograms were common. Like other hallucinogens, dependence does not occur. |
Intervention
An intervention is when a group of loved ones and/or a trained intervention counselor meets with the person in need of help for the purpose of breaking down their denial and motivating them to immediately seek drug addiction treatment. Often, individuals in the midst of drug addiction engage in a variety of self destructive behaviors. Although baffling to friends and family members such people generally either aren't aware on a conscious level that they have a drug addiction problem, or even when they know they have a problem they may cling to the false belief that the problem will somehow go away without any outside help. When an intervention is held a moment of clarity is created
for the addict. Most people struggling with the problem of drug or alcohol
addiction will accept help the very day of the intervention.
Addiction
Addiction is one of the many consequences of so-called 'casual' drug and alcohol abuse. A loss of control over drugs and alcohol can be driven by physical or psychological factors, or sometimes both. Physical addiction takes place when the body comes to need a drug to function normally. If it is not taken, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms occur. The only way to avoid this is to take more of the drug. Psychological addiction takes place when an individual comes to rely on a drug to supply good feelings, such as relaxation, self-confidence, self esteem, and freedom from anxiety. This is not just a casual desire, it's a powerful compulsion.
Tolerance
Tolerance to a drug takes place when an individual is exposed to the same drug repeatedly and begins to build up an resistance to the drugs effects. The body then adapts and develops a tolerance for the drug. The addiction that is produced is so powerful that it creates cravings in the user. These cravings for the drug are the result of its impact on the individual's memory with feelings of pleasantness and euphoria which the individual has come to associate with the taking of the drug.
Withdrawal
Withdrawal is what happens when a person who is addicted to drugs or alcohol discontinues use. There are numerous symptoms that take place both physically and emotionally when an addicted individual stops using. Withdrawal can last a few days to a few weeks and may include nausea or vomiting, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety. Keep in mind; this only occurs if a person has regular, heavy use of a drug or alcohol. Withdrawal can be extremely uncomfortable without professional help. Treatment for withdrawal from alcohol or drugs may require a medical professional to be present. Drug and alcohol rehabilitation is often the best way to overcome withdrawal and its symptoms as well as recovery from drug addiction.
Abstinence
Abstinence is the act or practice of refraining from indulging a desire. The type of abstinence we are referring to here is abstinence from drugs and alcohol. This term has two connotations when it comes to abstaining from drugs. The first refers to drug or alcohol treatment programs that aim to help an individual stop using drugs or alcohol for the rest of their lives. The time abstinence is also used in drug education and prevention. It refers to trying to stop children from ever using drugs.
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