



Facts
Among current female drinkers, 7.16% of whites, 10.22% of blacks, 22.16% of American Indians/Alaska Native, and 9.03% of Hispanics reported alcohol dependence. Drinking in moderation can actually have beneficial effects on the heart, especially with people who are at the greatest risk for heart attacks, such as women after menopause and men over the age of 45. Long-term excessive drinking, however, increases the risk for some kinds of stroke, heart disease, and high blood pressure. In short, alcohol related heart disease is another one of the long term effects of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Cocaine can be sold in "bill sizes": for example, $10 might purchase a "dime bag," a very small amount (0.1–0.15 g) of cocaine. Twenty dollars might purchase .15–.3 g. However, in lower Texas its sold cheaper due to it being easier to receive. A dime for $10 is .4g, a 20 is .8 or a gram and a 8-ball (3.5g) is sold for $60 to $80 dollars depending on the quality and dealer. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one's body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. However UK prices are astronomical compared to that of a USA with £40 (typically $80) getting 1 Gram of Cocaine. Cocaine is known to cause many medical complications in adult users, including heart attacks, irregular heart beats, rupture of major blood vessels, strokes, fevers, seizures, infections, as well as a range of psychiatric disorders. The medical impact of cocaine on human pregnancy must consider all associated variables such as poverty, homelessness, inadequate prenatal and postpartum care, deficient nutrition, varying types of cocaine usage, multiple drug use, sexually transmitted diseases, and the possible presence of toxic chemicals that are mixed with or used to process cocaine. Suppression of maternal appetite with inadequate nutritional intake is well recognized in cocaine "binging." Many cocaine users admitted for treatment may have at least one vitamin deficiency (B1, B6, C). Correction of these vitamin deficiencies is important during pregnancy so that essential chemicals (neurotransmitters) that transmit messages in the brain can be replenished. Cocaine's chemical properties (low molecular weight and high solubility) allow it to cross the placenta easily and enter the fetus. The passage from maternal circulation to the fetus is enhanced by the injection or smoking of cocaine. In addition, because of acid/base balance issues and low levels of certain enzymes, which usually metabolize the drug, accumulation of cocaine in the fetus occurs. Furthermore, the "binge" pattern commonly associated with cocaine use may lead to even higher levels of cocaine in the fetus. Transfer of cocaine appears to be greatest in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Cocaine has a very potent ability to constrict blood vessels. A deleterious effect of this blood vessel constriction is fetal deprivation of essential nutrients and decreases in the amount of fetal oxygen. In addition to an acute oxygen deprivation, long time use of cocaine may produce a chronic decrease in nutrients and oxygen, leading to diminished growth of the fetus. |
Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a pattern of repeated drug taking that usually results in tolerance (the need for greater amounts of the drug to achieve the same effect), withdrawal (physical and cognitive effects when drug use declines or stops), and compulsive drug taking behavior (drug taking that persists despite efforts to reduce intake and despite problems with family, friends, and work). Drug addiction encompasses a diverse range of drugs (such as alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and cocaine) and is caused by many different factors.
Abstinence
Abstinence is the act or practice of refraining from indulging a desire. The type of abstinence we are referring to here is abstinence from drugs and alcohol. This term has two connotations when it comes to abstaining from drugs. The first refers to drug or alcohol treatment programs that aim to help an individual stop using drugs or alcohol for the rest of their lives. The time abstinence is also used in drug education and prevention. It refers to trying to stop children from ever using drugs.
Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as "alcohol dependence," is a condition that includes craving and continued alcohol abuse despite repeated drinking-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law. It includes four major areas: Craving: - A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. Impaired control: -The inability to limit one's drinking on any given occasion. Physical dependence: -Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking. Tolerance: - The need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel its effects.
Addiction
Addiction is one of the many consequences of so-called 'casual' drug and alcohol abuse. A loss of control over drugs and alcohol can be driven by physical or psychological factors, or sometimes both. Physical addiction takes place when the body comes to need a drug to function normally. If it is not taken, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms occur. The only way to avoid this is to take more of the drug. Psychological addiction takes place when an individual comes to rely on a drug to supply good feelings, such as relaxation, self-confidence, self esteem, and freedom from anxiety. This is not just a casual desire, it's a powerful compulsion.
Detox
Detox is necessary when an individual through their chronic use of drugs or alcohol has developed an addiction. The objective of detox is to help the individual achieve a drug and alcohol free state. Detox is intended to relieve the physical symptoms of withdrawal and helps prepare the individual for entry into drug rehabilitation. Therefore, the ultimate goal of detox is preparation for long term recovery from drug and alcohol addiction.
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