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The effects that were found in the studies done on infants and children who were exposed to these various substances shocked and alarmed society. Political leaders, community organizations, and religious associations all began to express their opinions on the subject. This is were the claims-making process began. People felt that the babies that were being born to these mothers were subjected involuntarily to these dangerous substances and through no choice of their own they were made to endure the long-term consequences. As society began to recognize the problems brought about by substance abusing pregnant women what was once a social issue became defined as a social problem. These pregnant women were creating a problem that would effect American communities socially, politically, and economically. Socially, the problem impacts both the mother and the child. The stereotypes that exist are that drug abuse is predominantly a problem effecting the lower class. The mothers who are unable to afford prenatal care and substance abuse treatment are seen as a burden to society. Economically, the burden is placed on society when a child is born to a drug addicted mother. Long-term medical care of these children is often related to increased health-care costs. Often, when mothers are deemed unfit to care for their child, the government is the party that absorbs the costs of the child's care. Then there is the political debate regarding the rights of a fetus that this problem has brought to society's attention. Many people feel that the fetus is separate from the mother and deserves special protection against the actions of the pregnant mother. Other's feel that the fetus is not separate and can only been seen as such when it is viable and able to live outside of the womb. These people feel that any laws creating fetal rights would be an infringement on the rights of the pregnant woman. They feel that society has no right to define acceptable behavior for pregnant women and any law put in place in order to do so would ultimately end up overturning the Rowe vs. Wade decision and denying women the right to choose. The annual number of new cocaine users has generally increased over time. In 1975 there were 30,000 new users. The number increased from 300,000 in 1986 to 361,000 in 2000. Equipment needed to produce methamphetamine includes Pyrex dishes, jugs, paper towels, coffee filters, thermometers, cheesecloth, rubber tubing, pails, tape, strainers, aluminium foil, propane cylinders, hotplates, plastic storage containers, measuring cups, laboratory glassware, and heating mantles. Chemicals beyond those identified as precursors include alcohol, toluene (paint thinner), sulphuric acid (battery acid), salt, iodine, lithium (from batteries) anhydrous ammonia (farm fertilizer) hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid or pool cleaner), sodium hydroxide (lye), acetone, lantern fuel and kitty litter. Obviously, these products have legitimate uses, and it is the collective presence of these products that signals the intended use. Law enforcement may encounter supplies of such materials in combinations or in circumstances which lead to a reasonable belief that the purpose of possession is to produce methamphetamine. Hydrocodone abuse is an increasing trend in non-chronic pain suffering persons. The abuser of these drugs has been shown not to be the inner city youth, but instead a famous actor, a suburban real estate agent, or your next door neighbor. First time abuse of these drugs has been surging, most commonly with the oxycodone and Hydrocodone type painkillers. The two differ slightly in their chemical makeup but have a similar effect on the body. |
Drug Side Effects
Drug addiction and abuse comes with a heavy price. There are drastic drug side effects associated with drug misuse and abuse. Drug side effects from legal and illegal drugs can range from mild itching to comas and death. In addition to the physical drug side effects mentioned, there are many psychological drug side effects of drug abuse; the most serious being drug addiction and overdose.
Sobriety
Sobriety means the moderation in or abstinence from consumption of alcoholic liquor or use of drugs. When an individual with an addiction problem enters drug rehabilitation, their main goal is to attain long term sobriety. Unfortunately, sometimes drug addicts and alcoholics find they are able to sustain short periods of sobriety followed by a drug or alcohol relapse. This is why attending a drug or alcohol rehab will help the individual maintain their focus on sobriety. Often, it is only by getting help that individuals with severe drug addiction problems are able to achieve lasting sobriety.
Detox
Detox is necessary when an individual through their chronic use of drugs or alcohol has developed an addiction. The objective of detox is to help the individual achieve a drug and alcohol free state. Detox is intended to relieve the physical symptoms of withdrawal and helps prepare the individual for entry into drug rehabilitation. Therefore, the ultimate goal of detox is preparation for long term recovery from drug and alcohol addiction.
Abstinence
Abstinence is the act or practice of refraining from indulging a desire. The type of abstinence we are referring to here is abstinence from drugs and alcohol. This term has two connotations when it comes to abstaining from drugs. The first refers to drug or alcohol treatment programs that aim to help an individual stop using drugs or alcohol for the rest of their lives. The time abstinence is also used in drug education and prevention. It refers to trying to stop children from ever using drugs.
Dependence
Dependence is the compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences which can be severe; drug dependence is simply excessive use of a drug or use of a drug for purposes for which it was not medically intended. Physical dependence on a substance (needing a drug to function) is not necessary or sufficient to define addiction. There are some substances that don't cause addiction but do cause physical dependence (for example, some blood pressure medications) and substances that cause addiction but not classic physical dependence (cocaine withdrawal, for example, it does not have symptoms like vomiting and chills; it is mainly characterized by depression).
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