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Daily marijuana use can begin at quite a young age. Of the 2007 twelfth graders who reported being daily marijuana users at some time in their lives, 62% of them (or 9.8% of all 12th graders) began that pattern of use before 10th grade. The main concern of heroin addicts, isn't to avoid lethal overdose or poisoning. Rather it is to avoid the most obvious and immediate health consequence of addiction: the sickening "withdrawal" symptoms that begin anew every time a heroin dose wears off. Depending on how severe the physical addiction is, a heroin addict in withdrawal will experience flulike symptoms that, among others, include sneezing, running nose and eyes, alternate bouts of profuse sweating and cold flashes, muscle and bone pain, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, and muscle spasms. Heroin addicts therefore crave heroin not only to feel its pleasure, but also to avoid the pain and sickness that come with not getting a fix every few hours. This all-consuming nature of heroin addiction is summed up by poet and longtime heroin addict William S. Burroughs: "Junk [heroin] is not . . . a means to increased enjoyment of life. Junk is not a kick. It is a way of life."A person begins to experience withdrawal-related physical symptoms after a few weeks of steady heroin use. Though medical science has long known that heroin addiction and its withdrawal symptoms involve the central nervous system in some way, brain researchers from Johns Hopkins University made a remarkable discovery in 1972 that lent tremendous insight into the nature of physical addiction to heroin and withdrawal from the drug. Methamphetamine (methylamphetamine or desoxyephedrine) is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. The dextrorotatory (S-isomer) dextromethamphetamine can be prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, though unmethylated amphetamine is more commonly prescribed. Narcolepsy and obesity can also be treated by the aforementioned isomer under the brand name Desoxyn. It is considered a second line of treatment, used when amphetamine and methylphenidate cause the patient too many side effects. It is only recommended for short term use (~6 weeks) in obesity patients because it is thought that the anorectic effects of the drug are short lived and produce tolerance quickly, whereas the effects on CNS stimulation are much less susceptable to tolerance. It is also used illegally for weight loss and to maintain alertness, focus, motivation, and mental clarity for extended periods of time, and for recreational purposes. For years, the United States government has restricted and controlled the production and use of many substances through the Controlled Substances Act, a drug policy that regulates the manufacturing, importation, possession, and distribution of certain drugs. The Controlled Substances Act is part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. The list of controlled substances has been divided into five classes called schedules, based on their likelihood for being abused, their accepted medical use, and how safe they are under proper medical supervision. Schedule I drugs are considered to have a high potential for abuse, do not serve any medical purpose, and lack accepted safety for use under medical supervision. Schedules II through V catalog drugs that decrease in their likelihood for abuse. The act also gave rise to the implementation of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which is an international treaty that prohibits the production and supply of certain drugs. It mainly refers to narcotics and drugs that produce similar effects. The treaty allows for the production and use of some drugs under license and for specific medical treatment and research purposes. |
Tolerance
Tolerance to a drug takes place when an individual is exposed to the same drug repeatedly and begins to build up an resistance to the drugs effects. The body then adapts and develops a tolerance for the drug. The addiction that is produced is so powerful that it creates cravings in the user. These cravings for the drug are the result of its impact on the individual's memory with feelings of pleasantness and euphoria which the individual has come to associate with the taking of the drug.
Relapse
Relapse is a term used to describe when an individual who has quit using drugs starts using once again. A relapse can mean just a one time use, a long term continues period of using or anything in between after a period of sobriety has taken place. An individual begins to experience a psychological relapse long before their first use after
quitting. Some things that can lead to relapse both physically or psychologically include: 1. Being in the presence of drugs or alcohol, drug or alcohol users, or places where you used or bought chemicals. 2. Feelings we perceive as negative, particularly anger; also sadness, loneliness, guilt, fear, and anxiety. 3. Positive feelings that make you want to celebrate by using. 4. Listening to others past drug use stories and just dwelling on getting high. 5. Believing that you no longer have to worry (complacent). That is, that you are no longer stimulated to crave drugs/alcohol by any of the above situations or by anything else – and therefore maybe it’s safe for you to use occasionally.
Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a pattern of repeated drug taking that usually results in tolerance (the need for greater amounts of the drug to achieve the same effect), withdrawal (physical and cognitive effects when drug use declines or stops), and compulsive drug taking behavior (drug taking that persists despite efforts to reduce intake and despite problems with family, friends, and work). Drug addiction encompasses a diverse range of drugs (such as alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and cocaine) and is caused by many different factors.
Drug Overdose
A drug overdose occurs when you consume more drugs than your body can tolerate. Drug users are constantly flirting with the risk of a drug overdose. There is a
fine line between the high they're seeking and serious injury or death. While many victims of drug overdose recover without long term effects, there
can be serious consequences. Some drug overdoses cause the failure of major
organs like the kidneys or liver, or failure of whole systems like the
respiratory or circulatory systems. Patients who survive drug overdose may need
kidney dialysis, kidney or liver transplant, or ongoing care as a result of
heart failure, stroke, or coma. Death can occur in almost any drug overdose
situation, particularly if treatment is not started immediately.
Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as "alcohol dependence," is a condition that includes craving and continued alcohol abuse despite repeated drinking-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law. It includes four major areas: Craving: - A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. Impaired control: -The inability to limit one's drinking on any given occasion. Physical dependence: -Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking. Tolerance: - The need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel its effects.
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